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 "description": "Quantifying Western U.S. shrublands as a series of fractional components with remote sensing provides a new way to understand these changing ecosystems. The USGS NLCD team in collaboration with the BLM has produced the most comprehensive remote sensing-based quantification of Western U.S. shrublands to date. Nine shrubland ecosystem components, including percent shrub, sagebrush (Artemisia spp), big sagebrush, herbaceous, annual herbaceous, litter, and bare ground cover, along with sagebrush and shrub heights, were quantified at 30-m resolution by mapping region.  Each region required extensive ground measurement for model training and validation, two scales of remote sensing data from commercial high-resolution satellites and Landsat 8, and regression tree modeling to create component predictions. In the mapped portion (1,946,100 km²) of the total study area (2,557,556 km²), bare ground averaged 46.8%, shrub 14.4%, sagebrush 4.4%, big sagebrush 3.1%, herbaceous 22.8%, annual herbaceous 4.3% and litter 15.6%. Shrub height averaged 39.8 cm and sagebrush height 10.5 cm. Component accuracies using independent validation averaged R² values of 0.46, RMSE of 10.37 and nRMSE of 0.12, and cross validation averaged R² values of 0.72, RMSE of 5.09 and nRMSE of 0.062. Component composition strongly diverges by level III ecoregions, where 13 of 22 ecoregions are bare ground dominant, 8 are herbaceous dominant, and one is shrub dominant. Sagebrush physically covers 86,219 km², or 4.4%, of our study area, but it is present in 835,507 km², or 42.9%, of the non-masked area of our study area, underscoring its widespread distribution. Fractional component maps will be integrated into the 2016 National Land Cover Database (NLCD). Component products can be downloaded from www.mrlc.gov.",
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